耕作措施与氮肥对黑土流失及氮损失的影响

宿敏敏; 王晓军; 高洪生

doi:10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2017.06.010

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耕作措施与氮肥对黑土流失及氮损失的影响

更新时间：2025-03-12

- 耕作措施与氮肥对黑土流失及氮损失的影响
- Effects of Tillage Measures and Nitrogen Fertilizers on Surface Runoff, Soil Erosion and Inorganic Nitrogen Loss in Sloping Land of Black Soil Region
- 水土保持学报 2017年31卷第6期页码：58-65
- 作者机构：
  
  黑龙江省农业科学院,哈尔滨,150086
- 作者简介：
- 基金信息：
- DOI：10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2017.06.010
  中图分类号： S157.2
- 纸质出版：2017
- 稿件说明：
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宿敏敏, 王晓军, 高洪生. 耕作措施与氮肥对黑土流失及氮损失的影响[J]. 水土保持学报, 2017,31(6):58-65.

SU Minmin, WANG Xiaojun, GAO Hongsheng. Effects of Tillage Measures and Nitrogen Fertilizers on Surface Runoff, Soil Erosion and Inorganic Nitrogen Loss in Sloping Land of Black Soil Region[J]. 2017, 31(6): 58-65.
宿敏敏, 王晓军, 高洪生. 耕作措施与氮肥对黑土流失及氮损失的影响[J]. 水土保持学报, 2017,31(6):58-65. DOI： 10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2017.06.010.

SU Minmin, WANG Xiaojun, GAO Hongsheng. Effects of Tillage Measures and Nitrogen Fertilizers on Surface Runoff, Soil Erosion and Inorganic Nitrogen Loss in Sloping Land of Black Soil Region[J]. 2017, 31(6): 58-65. DOI： 10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2017.06.010.

摘要

为解决东北黑土区坡耕地水土流失严重的问题，探索不同耕作措施和施氮策略对水土流失、氮素养分流失特征的影响，于2015—2016年在黑龙江省哈尔滨市设置径流小区试验，共设9处理。处理1（T1）为裸地；处理2（T2）为荒地；处理3（T3）为优化施氮（180 kg N/hm2），顺垄；处理4（T4）为优化施氮（180 kg N/hm2），横垄；处理5（T5）为增氮施肥（210 kg N/hm2），顺垄；处理6（T6）为减氮施肥（90 kg N/hm2），顺垄；处理7（T7）为替氮施肥（（180 kg N/hm2，其中30 kg N 为有机肥，顺垄）；处理8（T8）为优化施氮（180 kg N/hm2），横垄，苜蓿—玉米间作；处理9（T9）为减氮施肥（90 kg N/hm2），顺垄，秸秆覆盖。结果表明，T1的年均产流量为151.0 m3/hm2，与T1相比，T2、T3、T4、T5、T6、T7、T8、T9分别拦截80.9%，64.4%，83.0%，65.2%，68.0%，60.4%，93.8%，88.1%；T1的年均土壤侵蚀量为9.5 t/hm2，与T1相比，T2、T3、T4、T5、T6、T7、T8、T9分别拦截98.8%，57.3%，88.4%，60.7%，50.6%，56.6%，99.2%，94.4%；T1的年均无机氮地表径流损失为207.6 g N/hm2，与T1相比，T2、T3、T4、T5、T6、T7、T8、T9分别减少无机氮损失43.0%，24.7%，35.5%，20.0%，36.8%，20.2%，75.6%，55.9%。雪水融化径流导致坡耕地的氮素损失不容忽视。坡耕地种植玉米时，单项耕作措施防止水土流失的效果，以生物篱最好，秸秆覆盖少耕较好，横垄次之；多项综合耕作措施中，横垄耕作和生物篱结合，效果均较好。相同耕作模式不同施肥措施中，有机肥替代因地上部作物生长较差有较大的产流量；减氮处理由于较低的无机氮浓度可减少地表径流氮素损失，同时增加产沙量。地表产流量与日降雨量间存在正的线性相关性（R2为0.213 9～0.543 8），T2、T9除外；土壤侵蚀量、无机氮损失量与地表产流量有正的线性相关（R2为0.338 0～0.728 0，0.618 4～0.895 2），T1除外。年均地表产流中，硝态氮浓度与无机氮浓度之比越小，年均地表径流无机氮损失越小。

Abstract

The black soil of Northeast China is an important grain production base in China. Soil and water losses in the area in recent years become crucial limiting factor of agricultural sustainable development and food security. Aiming at the mitigation of soil and water losses in the sloping farmland

two years experiments in 2015 and 2016 was conducted in Harbin to explore the influence of different N fertilization strategies and tillage measures on the water

soil and Nitrogen losses

9 treatments were designed

including T1(bare land)

T2(fallow land)

T3(optimized N fertilizer: 180 kg N/hm2

longitudinal ridge)

T4(optimized N fertilizer: 180 kg N/hm2

horizon ridge)

T5(control N fertilizer: 210 kg N/hm2

longitudinal ridge)

T6(reduced N fertilizer: 90 kg N/hm2

longitudinal ridge)

T7 (organic manure partial substitution for chemical fertilizer: 150 kg/hm2 chemical N and 30 Kg organic N/hm2

longitudinal ridge)

T8(optimized N fertilizer: 180 kg N/hm2

horizon ridge

clover maize hedgerow)

T9(reduced N fertilizer: 90 kg N/hm2

longitudinal ridge

straw mulching and no-tillage). The results showed that the annual averaged surface runoff of T1 was 151.0 m3/hm2. Compared with T1

annual averaged runoff of T2

T9 decreased by 80.9%

64.4%

83.0%

65.2%

68.0%

60.4%

93.8%

and 88.1%

respectively. The annual averaged soil erosion of T1 was 9.5 t/hm2. Compared with T1

annual averaged soil erosion of T2

T9 decreased by 98.8%

57.3%

88.4%

60.7%

50.6%

56.6%

99.2%

and 94.4%

respectively. The annual averaged inorganic nitrogen loss of T1 with surface runoff was 207.6 kg N/hm2. Compared with T1

annual averaged inorganic nitrogen losses of T2

T9 decreased by 43.0%

24.7%

35.5%

20.0%

36.8%

20.2%

75.6%

and 55.9%

respectively. It was not ignore for the inorganic nitrogen losses of snowmelt runoff for sloping land. The performances of runoff retaining and reduced nitrogen losses for single-tillage measure on sloping land under spring corn system

of which hedgerow was the best

followed by the straw mulching

and finally horizon ridge; combining horizon ridge and hedgerow technology performed the best for multi-tillage measures. When we adopted the conventional tillage measure with different fertilization strategies

it was much more runoff for organic manure partial substitution resulted from weaker aboveground growth; reduced N treatment performed high soil erosion and low surface-flow inorganic nitrogen losses resulted from less inorganic nitrogen concentration. The surface runoff and daily rainfall had linear positive correlations (R2: 0.213 9～0.543 8) except T2 and T9; the soil erosion

inorganic nitrogen losses and runoff had linear positive correlations (R2: 0.338 0～0.728 0

0.618 4～0.895 2) except T1. When the annual ratio of NO3-—N/(NO3-—N+NH4+—N) decreased

the annual inorganic nitrogen loss with surface runoff also decreased.

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