1.山西农业大学农学院,有机旱作山西省重点实验室,太原 030000
2.作物生态与水肥高效利用山西省重点实验室,山西 太谷 030801
3.山西农业大学山西功能农业研究院,山西 太谷 030801
胡艾(2000—),女,硕士研究生,主要从事旱作栽培与作物生理研究。E-mail:17385927085@163.com
任爱霞(1986—),女,博士,副教授,主要从事作物栽培生理研究。E-mail:rax_renaixia@163.com
收稿:2026-01-20,
修回:2026-03-27,
录用:2026-04-16,
网络首发:2026-06-25,
纸质出版:2026-10-28
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胡艾,张凯,王兆基,等.监控施肥对探墒沟播旱地小麦产量形成及水分利用的影响[J].水土保持学报,2026,40(5):455-470.
Hu Ai, Zhang Kai, Wang Zhaoji, et al. Effects of monitored fertilization on yield formation and water use of dryland wheat under soil moisture-based furrow sowing[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2026,40(5):455-470.
胡艾,张凯,王兆基,等.监控施肥对探墒沟播旱地小麦产量形成及水分利用的影响[J].水土保持学报,2026,40(5):455-470. DOI: 10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2026.05.033. CSTR: 32310.14.stbcxb.2026.05.033.
Hu Ai, Zhang Kai, Wang Zhaoji, et al. Effects of monitored fertilization on yield formation and water use of dryland wheat under soil moisture-based furrow sowing[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2026,40(5):455-470. DOI: 10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2026.05.033. CSTR: 32310.14.stbcxb.2026.05.033.
目的
2
为探究黄土高原旱作麦区探墒沟播模式下水分高效利用的氮肥利用方式。
方法
2
于2021—2023年在黄土高原东部山西闻喜开展大田试验,以探墒沟播和常规条播为主区,以监控施肥(N-P-K:77.8-61.3-38.2)、监控减氮(N-P-K: 0-61.3-38.2)、监控减磷(N-P-K: 77.8-0-38.2)、监控减钾(N-P-K:77.8-61.3-0)及农户施肥(N-P-K: 180-60-60)为副区。
结果
2
探墒沟播较常规条播可显著提高拔节—成熟期0~200 cm土层蓄水量4~17 mm,降低花前耗水量1~16 mm,增加花后耗水量4~6 mm,显著增加群体分蘖数,成穗率有提高但未达显著水平,显著增加花后干物质积累量对籽粒的贡献率,提高可孕小穗数和花后0~35 d千粒重,增加穗数、穗粒数和千粒重,显著提高产量3%~9%。采用探墒沟播,监控施肥(减氮56%、增磷2%、减钾36%)较农户施肥,可显著降低旱地小麦花前0~200 cm土层土壤耗水量4~6 mm,增加花
后耗水量2~4 mm,增加群体有效分蘖数,但产量和水分利用效率无显著差异;较监控减氮、监控减磷和监控减钾显著提高越冬—开花期0~200 cm土层土壤蓄水量5~28 mm,降低花前土壤耗水量2~16 mm,增加花后土壤耗水量4~10 mm,显著提高成穗率,花后0~35 d千粒重,显著提高产量3%~13%,提高水分利用效率3%~14%。相关性分析表明,花后干物质积累及其对籽粒的贡献率、千粒重和产量均与花前土壤水分和花后耗水呈显著正相关(
r
=0.68~0.84),穗粒数与花后干物质积累量呈显著正相关(
r
=0.71),产量与花后干物质积累对籽粒的贡献率呈极显著正相关(
r
=0.89)。
结论
2
探墒沟播配合监控施肥(减氮56%、增磷2%、减钾36%)利于减少旱地麦田花前耗水,增加花后耗水、有效穗数和可孕小穗数的形成,花后干物质积累对于促进籽粒灌浆和增产具有关键作用,研究结果可为旱地小麦高产高效提供理论依据。
Objective
2
This study aims to explore nitrogen fertilizer utilization strategies for high water use efficiency under soil moisture-based furrow sowing in dryland wheat areas of the Loess Plateau.
Methods
2
Field experiments were conducted in Wenxi, Shanxi Province, in the eastern Loess Plateau from 2021 to 2023. Treatments for main plots included soil moisture-based furrow seeding and conventional row seeding, and for subplots included monitored fertilization (N-P-K: 77.8-61.3-38.2), monitored nitrogen reduction (N-P-K: 0-61.3-38.2), monitored phosphorus reduction (N-P-K: 77.8-0-38.2), monitored potassium reduction (N-P-K: 77.8-61.3-0), and farmer′s fertilization (N-P-K: 180-60-60).
Results
2
Compared with conventional row seeding, soil moisture-based furrow seeding significantly increased soil water storage in the 0-200 cm layer by 4-17 mm from jointing to maturity stages, reduced pre-flowering water consumption by 1-16 mm, and increased post-flowering water consumption by 4-6 mm. It significantly increased population tiller number, and contribution rate of post-flowering dry matter accumulation to grain yield, and increased spike rate but not significantly. It also significantly increased the number of fertile spikelets, 1 000-grain weight at 0-35 days after flowering, spike number, grains per spike, and 1 000-grain weight, and significantly increased yield by 3%-9%. Under the soil
moisture-based furrow seeding treatment, compared with farmer′s fertilization, monitored fertilization (56% less nitrogen, 2% more phosphorus, and 36% less potassium than farmer′s fertilization) significantly reduced pre-flowering water consumption in the 0-200 cm layer by 4-6 mm and increased post-flowering water consumption by 2-4 mm for dryland wheat, while increasing the number of effective tillers in the population. However, there was no significant difference in yield or water use efficiency. Compared with monitored nutrient reduction (nitrogen, phosphorus, or potassium), monitored fertilization significantly increased soil water storage in the 0-200 cm layer from overwintering to flowering by 5-28 mm, reduced pre-flowering soil water consumption by 2-16 mm, and increased post-flowering soil water consumption by 4-10 mm. It significantly increased spike rate, number of fertile spikelets, and 1 000-grain weight at 0-35 days after flowering, and significantly increased yield by 3%-13% and water use efficiency by 3%-14%. Correlation analysis indicated that post-flowering dry matter accumulation and its contribution rate to grains, 1 000-grain weight, and yield were significantly positively correlated with pre-flowering soil moisture and post-flowering water consumption (
r
=0.68-0.84). The number of grains per spike was significantly correlated with post-flowering dry matter accumulation (
r
=0.71), and yield was extremely significantly positively correlated with the contribution rate of post-flowering dry matter accumulation to grains (
r
=0.89).
Conclusion
2
Soil moisture-based furrow sowing combined with monitored fertilization (56% reduction of nitrogen, 2% increase of phosphorus, and 36% reduction of potassium compared with farmer′s fertilization) helps reduce pre-flowering water consumption, increase post-flowering water consumption, and promote the formation of effective tillers and fertile spikelets in dryland wheat fields. Post-flowering dry matter accumulation plays a key role in promoting grain filling and yield improvement. The results provide a theoretical basis for high yield and high efficiency of dryland wheat.
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